![]() The doctrine of " Separate but Equal" as a moral or legal pretext for segregation is decreed no longer enforceable by governments, and the process of true racial integration begins in schools throughout the region, a process that was not completed until about 1970. Supreme Court rules unanimously that the practice of racial segregation in public schools, mostly by Southern states, is unconstitutional. December: Marilyn Monroe centerfold: the first issue of Playboy magazine appears, published by Hugh Hefner. ![]() Humphrey Osmond guides the trip, and later correspondence between the two produces the term psychedelic. May 4: The " doors of perception" open for author Aldous Huxley as he takes mescaline for the first time.Secret detention camps in Europe and Asia are also set up for torture and experiments on prisoners. April 13: Project MKUltra, the Central Intelligence Agency's behavior control research program that grew to include testing the effects of LSD and extended sensory deprivation on both volunteer and unsuspecting American and Canadian subjects into the 1960s, commences.Go: John Clellon Holmes' novel is published and is later considered to be the first book depicting the Beat Generation.Invisible Man: Ralph Ellison's highly acclaimed novel of African-American life in the 20th century is published.The publication satirizes both mainstream American culture and, later, counterculture alike. August: Mad magazine debuts as a comic book before adopting a standard magazine format in 1955.The True Believer: "Longshoreman-philosopher" Eric Hoffer's Thoughts on the Nature of Mass Movements is published.
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